ABSTRACT
In March 2020, a large number of people moved from cities to their homes in rural areas, and a few months later, many returned to cities. These journeys were undertaken not only during the COVID-19 pandemic against the advisory of governments and public health experts, but the circumstances of travel were also under extreme hardship. How may we understand this intense response by people? By drawing on the migration theory and the roles of social ties or social organisation, we can better explain peoples' reactions during this pandemic. Notably, we find non-material values, such as the dignity of labour or responsibilities to family, are significant to decision -making, and there is a desire not to compromise on these values. Further, our analyses find that the distinction between pre-disaster and post-disaster situations may not be helpful.
ABSTRACT
Disasters and crises such as COVID-19 can have a negative effect on the images of tourism destinations. However, existing studies have mainly focused on the recovery of such images after crises;little research has examined the reasons for reversing the image of epidemic-resistant tourism destinations and their renewed popularity. This article investigates tourism destination image management in the context of epidemics. By means of the underdog effect, this paper examines the influence of two factors-the severity of an epidemic and degree of anti-epidemic efforts-on public willingness to travel following that epidemic;it does so through a pre-study and two formal experiments, and it investigates the mechanisms underlying the effect of those two factors on willingness to travel. The following findings emerged. First, public perceptions of tourism destinations' anti-epidemic efforts were mainly evident in four ways: government measures, social support, tourism labor actions, and destination residents' attitudes. Second, there was an interactive effect between the degree of tourism destinations' anti-epidemic efforts and the severity of the epidemic in tourism destinations: destinations with high epidemic severity received the same public support as those with low epidemic severity when they displayed a higher degree of anti-epidemic efforts. Third, public empathic responses played a mediating role in those processes. The theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows. First, it enhances research on the recovery of tourism destination image in the context of disasters and crises;it proposes the novel idea of underdog image building as a way of reversing tourism destination image. Second, it expands theoretical research on the underdog effect in tourism: it shows that in the context of public health events such as epidemics, the underdog effect has its own conditions and time influences. Third, this study enriches research on tourists' emotions and feelings: it clarifies the important role of tourism destinations' efforts to deal with epidemics and reverse the negative impacts of an epidemic. This paper provides suggestions for reversing the negative image of tourism destinations and promoting positive emotions for marketing following public health emergencies. This study finds that tourism destinations should do the following. First, modify information related to an underdog state to promote the image of the destination. Second, fully utilize public emotional resources and promote emotional advantages. Third, prevent problems before they arise and improve the tourism public health system.
ABSTRACT
The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and the horizon of expectations in relation to climate change reminds us that it is a collective responsibility to anticipate to the best of our ability and knowledge the risks of foreseeable disasters and their potential impacts on vulnerable communities. The article will examine the meaning and status of moral duties regarding disaster preparedness by adopting a disaster ethics approach which draws on the interrelationship of bioethics with public health ethics and looks at the full cycle of disaster management and the corresponding cycle of protection of victims and professionals. After discussing some normative controversies accompanying well-known classifications of disasters and characterizing the ethical turn to preparedness in disaster management, it will be argued that preparedness duties include obligations relating to planning, anticipation, and prevention of disasters and that they are derivative and positive duties involving a series of prospective, shared and institutionally mediated responsibilities.
ABSTRACT
Floods are the most commonly occurring natural disaster, with the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters 2021 report on "The Non-COVID Year in Disasters" estimating economic losses worth over USD 51 million and more than 6000 fatalities in 2020. The hydrodynamic models which are used for flood forecasting need to be evaluated and constrained using observations of water depth and extent. While remotely sensed estimates of these variables have already facilitated model evaluation, citizen sensing is emerging as a popular technique to complement real-time flood observations. However, its value for hydraulic model evaluation has not yet been demonstrated. This paper tests the use of crowd-sourced flood observations to quantitatively assess model performance for the first time. The observation set used for performance assessment consists of 32 distributed high water marks and wrack marks provided by the Clarence Valley Council for the 2013 flood event, whose timings of acquisition were unknown. Assuming that these provide information on the peak flow, maximum simulated water levels were compared at observation locations, to calibrate the channel roughness for the hydraulic model LISFLOOD-FP. For each realization of the model, absolute and relative simulation errors were quantified through the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the mean percentage difference (MPD), respectively. Similar information was extracted from 11 hydrometric gauges along the Clarence River and used to constrain the roughness parameter. The calibrated parameter values were identical for both data types and a mean RMSE value of ~50 cm for peak flow simulation was obtained across all gauges. Results indicate that integrating uncertain flood observations from crowd-sourcing can indeed generate a useful dataset for hydraulic model calibration in ungauged catchments, despite the lack of associated timing information.
ABSTRACT
While armed conflict and war remain a reality in the 21st century, there is a notable lack of knowledge about the role and potential of tourism in the well-being of war-affected communities and people (Dolnicar and McCabe, 2022;McGahey, 2006). The issue is particularly relevant in light of the Russian Federation's full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022. In this study, we examine the responses of tourism businesses in the westernmost of Ukraine's 24 administrative regions, Zakarpattia, during the first three months after the invasion through the prism of organizational resilience. In doing so, we offer an insight into the first and arguably most critical responses of tourism entities to the exogenous shocks of wartime in a rear area. We thus complement tourism research on organizational resilience, which to date has focused primarily on natural disasters and the recent COVID-19 pandemic (Ritchie and Jiang, 2019;Yang et al., 2021).
ABSTRACT
This special issue contains 17 papers covering a range of topics related to environmental, geological, and social issues in Bangladesh. The articles use various methodologies, including statistical analysis, satellite imaging, and case studies, to explore issues such as drought, urbanization, healthcare, greenhouse gas emissions, groundwater resources, COVID-19 stigmatization, oil rim reservoir development, coal permeability, seaweed composition, hailstorms, tropical cyclones, heavy metal contamination, flood hazard assessment, and climate change vulnerability. Overall, the articles provide valuable insights and information that can inform policy and decision-making in Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to compare the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Natural Disasters on the Hajj and Umrah industries. This pilgrimage substantially contributes to foreign exchange earnings;therefore, the negative potential caused by disasters must be a significant concern for policymakers in this sector. In recent years, religious-based tourism, especially the hajj and umrah (the out-of-season pilgrimage to Mecca), has experienced significant rise of demand worldwide. To explore the impact of various disasters on this industry, using the purposive sampling method, semi-structured interviews were conducted with travel agents in Bandung over the course of two months. The findings from this research are that there is a sharp difference in the destructive impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic when compared to natural disasters. In both instances, the companies suffered from external and internal pressures. The internal problems are the loss of revenue while they still need to pay employee salaries, customers' demands for refunds, and the uncertainty whether they could re-open their business. Meanwhile, externally, they have been faced with strict regulations on health protocols, the weakening global economy, increased operational costs, and ever-changing policies made by the governments of Indonesia and Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
Earthquake is the vibrations on the earth's surface due to the sudden release of energy from the earthquake center in the earth. The released energy propagates through the ground in the form of vibrations. It is a natural ground movement caused by a variety of phenomena, including tectonic processes, volcanism, and explosions, as well as collapse. An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4 on the Richter Scale that rocked the Central Sulawesi region caused the tsunami that hit the Talise Beach and the liquefaction in Petobo and Balaroa of Palu City, as well as the liquefaction in Sibalaya of Sigi Regency. After the disaster, the Sigi area, especially Bulubete Village, was the subject of flash floods due to the changes in waterways which should pass into the residential area instead through the river. This study aimed to determine the Development of Beef Cattle Breeding Business at the Public Animal Husbandry School (SPR) in Sigi Regency during the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction. This research was conducted from March to May 2022. The location of this research was determined based on purposively. This research was conducted in Bulubete Village of Sigi Regency. Population method was used in determining the number of samples which was also used as the sample of 36 breeders. The result obtained in this study was that natural disasters and the spread of covid-19 greatly affected the development of the cattle business at Anutapura SPR of Bulubete Village of South Dolo District of Sigi Regency. The population and demand at Anutapura SPR experienced a sales trend after the disaster and the covid-19 pandemic. In this case, the cattle population increased before the natural disaster and decreased after the natural disaster coupled with the covid-19 pandemic which affected the demand for beef.
ABSTRACT
Foodborne parasites (FBP) are of great importance due to their high morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries with poor environmental sanitation, personal hygiene and animal husbandry habits. As they are not mandatory their real prevalence is unknown except for trichinosis. A classification based on the parasitic load and the years lost due to disability (DALYs) considered 11 FBP. The worst being cryptosporidiosis with more than 2 million DALYs and those with the highest morbidity were acquired toxoplasmosis and ascariasis. Another classification is based on the multicriteria decision for the risk and manage-ment of FBP. This consided 24 FBP, being Taenia solium - cysticercosis the most serious. In relation to the parasitic zoonoses that are part of the neglected diseases (NGD), leishmaniasis, shistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis were considered, cryptosporidiasis and intestinal nematodiasis were also considered al though both do not belong to the NGD. In relation to cryptosporidiosis only 1% is diagnosed, despite the fact that 25% of children with diarrhea present this zoonosis as a comorbidity. In relation to malaria, in 2022 we have the same number of cases globally as in the year 2000, due to different factors that have worsened parasitosis: Epidemic of Covid-19, Ebola, floods, conflicts, climate change (increase in global temperature), appearance of mutant P. falciparum resistant to therapy and that are not detected with rapid diagnostic tests (because they do not have the specific protein), appearance of new vectors, etc.
ABSTRACT
Over the last decade many large world cities have scaled up efforts at climate adaptation, a primary focus of which is protecting population health. With extreme weather disasters increasing worldwide, public health agencies are among local institutions under greatest stress;the Covid-19 pandemic has only heightened pressure on these agencies. Yet the limited literature examining adaptation actions across world cities suggest few, mainly high-income cities report health-related adaptation, while city public health agency engagement in adaptation has received little research attention. In this comparative review, we aimed to characterize the public health role in the adaptation plans of 22 large cities pre-identified as highly health-adaptive, by examining five health-associated adaptation activities chosen as "promising practice" based on evidence synthesized from evaluation research and practical experience: (i) hazard and vulnerability mapping;(ii) extreme weather preparedness and response;(iii) extreme heat plans (including heat early warning);(iv) non-heat early warning (e.g., flooding, vector-borne disease);and (v) climate-health monitoring and outcome surveillance. We found most (90%) city adaptation plans reported actions in at least three of these five activity areas. However, only 73% of these health-focused plans reported involvement of a public health agency (though the share was higher for cities in low- and middle-income countries). We detected differences across the five activities, including an ascending pattern of public health engagement starting with heat plans and including activities such as preparedness and mapping as health agency involvement increased. We also identified substantial presence of other city agencies-notably urban planning, emergency management and public utilities-in implementing these health-associated activities. With every world region likely to experience more widespread and intensifying climate impacts, and growing pressure on local public health agencies in conjunction with the Covid-19 pandemic, we identify opportunities for enhancing public health engagement in climate adaptation in large cities with a view to scaling up their ability to contribute to climate adaptation goals.
ABSTRACT
These proceedings contain 59 articles focusing the discussion on the roles of the COVID-19 vaccine against climate change, as well as formulating comprehensive and efficient strategies on how to increase the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine against climate change. Topics also revolve around areas such as: impact of depletion or enhancement of air, water, soil, and vegetation resource capabilities;strategy for environmental disaster reduction research;pollution and contamination of land surface and atmosphere;climate model and uneven precipitation distribution;the implication of climate adaptation and mitigation research;carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emission, recycle and reuse energy research;policy and legal aspect of climate change;infrastructures risks and planning on climate adaptation;marine ecosystem affected by climate change;and direct and indirect risks to wellbeing.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the risk of public health emergencies, both the indigenous ones and the imported ones, which might occur in the mainland of China in June 2021. Methods: An internet based expert counsel was conducted to analyze the surveillance data of public health emergencies and priority communicable diseases in China reported through different channels, and the experts in all provincial centers for disease control and prevention attended this video conference. Results: Generally speaking, it is predicted that the incidence of public health emergencies would be similar in June with May. The risk of imported cases and secondary infections of COVID-19 would continue to exist, but would be controllable. It is the high incidence season of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and most cases would be sporadic, however, the risk of cluster exits especially in previous epidemic areas. The incidences of food poisoning caused by toxic animal or plant or poisonous mushroom would increase significantly, and the incidences of food poisoning caused by microbe would be high. The earthquake-stricken areas such as Yunnan and Qinghai should further strengthen post-disaster public health responses. The potential flood-stricken areas predicted by the meteorological department need to pay attention to the risks of water-borne, food-borne and vector-borne diseases that may increase after the disaster. Conclusion: Special attention should be paid to COVID-19, and general attention should be paid to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, food poisoning and natural disaster.
ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic brings disaster to the world. Almost all sectors have been significantly affected. International tourism and European tourism try to fight, survive or try to be in harmony with this situation. Whatever choice is made, the meaning is clear that the development of the tourism sector is vulnerable, multidimensional in nature and requires comprehensive synergistic efforts in overcoming a problem. Maybe this is the momentum for the government, tourism practitioners, the public and tourists to emphasize health protocols. Therefore this journal discusses the importance of safety, hygiene and health protocols. This is important because the three elements above are priorities during this pandemic. It is time for the development of the tourism sector to pay attention to and apply the importance of maintaining cleanliness, security and health protocols in order to protect tourists and reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus.
ABSTRACT
Alternative economic indicators are becoming policy in Vanuatu, particularly focusing on what national policy calls traditional economy. Although this acknowledges livelihoods and customary land in rural areas, urban places receive less attention. This article advances an argument that cities are also home to traditional economies. We draw on concepts of diverse economies and translocality to examine how economic practices typically associated with community activities on customary land are also found in cities where households lack direct access to customary resources. Empirical data come from the authors' fieldwork and participation in community-based organisations in Port Vila, Vanuatu, from 2017 to 2020. The case study presents surveys of agrobiodiversity in 27 urban backyards and livelihood practices of 24 households;and accounts of co-authors' participation in community-based disaster to distribute disaster relief supplies from urban to rural, create urban markets for rural crops and build urban resilience following Ambae Island's Manaro volcano eruptions and COVID-19-related unemployment. This study demonstrates how traditional economies are part of everyday urban life.
ABSTRACT
In a journey spanning almost 20 years the Southern Food & Beverage Museum has become established as a solid and reliable museum and attraction in New Orleans, Louisiana. Its journey to established museum has been fraught with disaster and determination - from Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the financial crisis of 2008, the BP Oil Spill, and COVID - to more local disasters like floods and hurricanes. Today it is ready for whatever may happen, as well as prepared with a plan to pivot, innovate, and re-invent itself, all the while deepening its mission and continuing to be the Southern Food & Beverage Museum.
ABSTRACT
Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 situation has changed the perception of the people regarding the cause of the disaster and the national management system. The purpose of this study is to analyze quantitatively the effects of disaster inequality on disaster anxiety of citizens and trust in the national disaster management system through structural equation model (SEM). Methods/Statistical analysis: For this purpose, we collected input data for observed variables explaining 3 latent ones (Disaster Inequality, Disaster anxiety, Trust in the national disaster management system) in SEM from questionnaire of 951 adults and did the model building and analysis by using AMOS 21. Based on the research model, three hypotheses were established and verified with SEM. Findings: As a result of the CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) of the SEM, the fitness index was found to be suitable as TLI=0.814, GFI=0.922, and CFI=0.876, and the validity index was valid as AVE=0.53 and CR=0.76. As a result of this study, it was proved that the higher the disaster inequality, the higher the disaster anxiety and the lower the trust in the national disaster management system. On the other hand, the higher the trust in the national disaster management system, the lower the disaster anxiety. Improvements/Applications: In order to reduce disaster anxiety, it is necessary to manage disaster inequality at the government level, and it is necessary to instill faith in disaster management in the people. In the future, it will be more meaningful study if you get and use new data after the end of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is often referred to as the Ring of Fire so that there are many natural disasters, especially earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and landslides. Based on the Environmental Profile, geography and population can increase the risk of natural disasters in Indonesia. To overcome these losses, it is necessary to mitigate natural disaster losses. The efforts of the Indonesian government as regulated in Law No. 24 of 2007, have allocated a budget for disaster management in the APBN/APBD. The government needs to reform natural disaster risk financing policies to meet the need for large amounts of disaster funding, timely and targeted, more planned, sustainable and transparent to reduce economic losses and the burden on the state budget. This disaster risk financing must also be able to answer the financing needs when there is no disaster in the context of disaster risk mitigation and transfer, financing when a disaster occurs (emergency response) and financing after a disaster occurs (rehabilitation and reconstruction). One way of financing disaster risk that can be done is with insurance services or insurance companies. The insurance company is referred to as the individual risk insurer who follows the insurance. In insurance there is a contractual agreement between the insured and the insurer called the policy. The agreement is regarding the insurer who is willing to bear a number of risks that may arise in the future in exchange for certain payments from the insured. Payments made by the insured to the insurer are called premiums.
ABSTRACT
How might people under blockaded lockdown during a pandemic obtain food? The experiences of those inside Wuhan who underwent the January-April 2020 COVID-19 blockaded lockdown have generated multiple investigations. The topic is of relevance to those concerned with food systems in general and food security during disasters in particular. This article presents a primary analysis of original survey and interview material on household-level food provisioning, using a gender and intersectional approach to disasters, together with a review of reports by others. The key observation is that a highly contagious coronavirus proved less threatening to food security in a large and diverse city than did socio-economic inequalities. However, although Wuhan households under blockaded pandemic lockdown were differentiated and conditions more difficult for some than others, overall food provisioning succeeded. This occurred through an established governmental system linked with social networks adapted to the circumstances across a set of digital applications.
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this report are to review for each IGAD country the overall environment for the operational feasibility of implementing IBLI. The operational feasibility areas are summarized and scored at the end of each country chapter. They include the following;Importance of pastoral livestock for economy;Impact of drought on livestock;Pastoralist demand for livestock insurance;Effective distribution channels for micro-level IBLI;Existing pastoralist beneficiary registries;Pastoralist financial literacy;Legal and regulatory insurance environment;Insurance market development;Interest from insurers in IBLI;Finance available for premiums;and Interest from government stakeholders in IBLI. This report was conducted combining a desk-based study with key informant interviews. As for Volume I, given the travel restrictions due to COVID-19, only a minimum of in-country stakeholder meetings have been possible. Instead, questionnaires were shared with more than 50 in-country expert stakeholders (of which 21 replied), including ministries of agriculture, ministries of humanitarian affairs, ministries of finance, insurance regulators, development partners, livestock associations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), inquiring about the status quo of drought risk financing initiatives in IGAD countries, the status of needed operational infrastructure for a regional approach, and the interest of stakeholders to support such an approach. Where applicable, results from these questionnaires and from other stakeholder consultations were included in the country annexes (as indicated).
ABSTRACT
In the Amazon, the quick spread of COVID-19 coincides with the high level of air pollution released during the "burning season", when thousands of square kilometres are prepared for agriculture. Mitigating health consequences by constraining fire use and social interaction is hindered by the dependence of local food security on fires, of enforcement on on-the-ground surveillance and of primary care on home visits. Based on fieldwork experience, alternatives to test potential solutions to the policy puzzles are proposed, highlighting the role of smallholder mechanization and of community health workers (CHWs). It is argued that randomized control trials could be designed to assess the effectiveness of tractor scheduling workshops, grassroots-based tractor administration, mobile-health-aided data collection by CHWs and data-driven algorithms to plan their home visits. The need for researcher-practitioner collaboration for optimized targeting of on-the-ground illegal fire deterrence is also stressed. The trials and the potential solutions to be trialled are more likely to be successful whether integrated into a broader and perennial process of research and development of interventions for sustainable development of the Amazon, whose need was widely revealed by the ongoing pandemic.